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key generators (continued) sequence 167 uuid.hex 167 L language switcher 799 large values 216 last commit wins 459 last() 677 layered application implementing Hibernate 698 layered architecture 20 lazy fetching 564 lazy initialization 701 lazy loading 564, 701 lazy one-to-one 566 lazy property loading 571 lazy= 567, 572, 591, 649 LazyInitializationException 569, 702, 803, 811 triggering 812 LEFT keyword 649 left outer join 643, 649 legacy databases, integrating 323 legacy schema 323 LENGTH() 669 libraries 42 lifecycle dependencies 161 link table 17, 298 LinkedHashMap 250 251 LinkedHashSet 250 251 linking maps 143 List, bidirectional one-tomany 292 list() 626, 671 listeners custom 554 registering 554 listing 626 literal join condition mapping 337 load lesting 744 load() 404, 554, 568 LoadEvent 554 LoadRunner 745 localeSelector 799, 803 locator objects (LOBs) 571 lock modes in Hibernate 467 lock table 466

lock() 410, 466 LockAquisitionException 441 locking 453 LockMode 466 467 LockMode.UPGRADE 466 LockModeType 467 LockModeType.READ 467 log records creating 547 mapping 547 logEvent() 553 logging SQL output 57 with Log4j 58 logic unit testing 731 logical operators 668 lookup in JNDI 429, 431 loopback attribute 610 lost updates 454 LOWER() 638 lpad 640 M makePersistent() 710 makeTransient() 710 managed beans 749 managed environment 426 managed relationships 118 managed resources with JTA benefits 443 ManagedSessionContext 492 ManagedSessionContext.bind() 493 ManagedSessionContext. unbind() 493 manager_lookup_class 448 MANDATORY attribute 513 many-to-many basic 297 bidirectional 300 extra columns on join table 303 in Java 119 as map key and value 312 unidirectional 298 with components 307 many-to-one bidirectional 265 in Java 116 mapping 261 polymorphic 313 with annotations 263

Probing for a Java program before calling it It is easy to look for a Java class on the classpath before attempting to call it. Doing so makes it possible to print a warning message or even fetch a JAR file from a remote server. For the Tomcat problem, we could use the <available> task, or better yet, the <condition> task, which can combine an <available> test with a check for the environment variable:

many-valued entity associations 290 map 242 dynamic 142 mappedBy 266 267, 285 mapping abstract class 210 any 319 at runtime 138 class 147 class-level options 171 collections with annotations 256 column name 178 component 184 composite collection element 252 embeddable class 184 entity to two tables 342 filename 125 formula 181 identifier bag 244 identifier property 164 immutable 173 immutable properties 182 inheritance 192 interface 210 join table 303 list 246 maps 247, 310 metadata 123 metadata in annotations 125 metadata in XML 123 metamodel 139 ordered collections 249 override 130 programmatic 138 Set 243 simple property 177 sorted collection 248 SortedMap 248 SortedSet 248 subclass 192 testing 736 types 214 with a join table 285 mapping types 212 basic 214 case for 223 class, locale, timezone, currency 218

<target name="validate-tomcat" <condition property="tomcat.available"> <and> <isset property="env.TOMCAT_HOME"/> <available classname="org.apache.tomcat.startup.Tomcat"> <classpath> <fileset dir="${env.TOMCAT_HOME}/lib"> <include name="**/*.jar"/> </fileset> </classpath> </available> </and> </condition> <echo>tomcat.available=${tomcat.available}</echo> </target>

package hello; import java.util.*; import javax.persistence.*; public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { // Start EntityManagerFactory EntityManagerFactory emf = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("helloworld"); // First unit of work EntityManager em = emf.createEntityManager(); EntityTransaction tx = em.getTransaction(); tx.begin(); Message message = new Message("Hello World"); em.persist(message); tx.commit(); em.close(); // Second unit of work EntityManager newEm = emf.createEntityManager(); EntityTransaction newTx = newEm.getTransaction(); newTx.begin(); List messages = newEm .createQuery("select m from Message m order by m.text asc") .getResultList();

Here we have specified that the property tomcat.available must be set to true only if the env.TOMCAT_HOME is defined, and the class we intend to call, org. apache.tomcat.startup.Tomcat is on the classpath under the TOMCAT directory. Because the <and> element of the <condition> task is short-cutting, it does not run the second test if the first one fails, which is good, as the classpath is not going to be valid when env.TOMCAT_HOME is undefined. The test can be used for a conditional task, or, if a program must be present, the conditional <fail> task can be used to halt the build immediately. For the target in section 5.1.10, we choose simply to skip the process if Tomcat is missing, by making the target depend upon the validation target, and conditional on the tomcat. available property: RUNNING JAVA PROGRAMS 123

System.out.println( messages.size() + " message(s) found" ); for (Object m : messages) { Message loadedMsg = (Message) m; System.out.println(loadedMsg.getText()); } newTx.commit(); newEm.close(); // Shutting down the application emf.close(); } }

The first thing you probably notice in this code is that there is no Hibernate import anymore, only javax.peristence.*. The EntityManagerFactory is created with a static call to Persistence and the name of the persistence unit. The rest of the code should be self-explanatory you use JPA just like Hibernate, though there are some minor differences in the API, and methods have slightly different names. Furthermore, you didn t use the HibernateUtil class for static initialization of the infrastructure; you can write a JPAUtil class and move the creation of an EntityManagerFactory there if you want, or you can remove the now unused WORKDIR/src/persistence package. JPA also supports programmatic configuration, with a map of options: